Motor cortex stimulation: a systematic literature-based analysis of effectiveness and case series experience (2024)

1. Fontaine D, Hamani C, Lozano A. Efficacy and safety of motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: critical review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(2):251–256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Extradural cortical stimulation for central pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 2):27–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. fa*gundes-Pereyra WJ, Teixeira MJ, Reyns N, Touzet G, Dantas S, Laureau E, Blond S. Motor cortex electric stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2010;68(6):923–929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Carroll D, Joint C, Maartens N, Shlugman D, Stein J, Aziz TZ. Motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: a preliminary study of 10 cases. Pain. 2000;84(2–3):431–437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Arle JE, Shils JL. Motor cortex stimulation for pain and movement disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5(1):37–49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Fujii M, Ohmoto Y, Kitahara T, Sugiyama S, Uesugi S, Yamash*ta T, Shiroyama Y, Ito H. Motor cortex stimulation therapy in patients with thalamic pain. No Shinkei Geka. 1997;25(4):315–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Rahimpour S, Lad SP. Surgical options for atypical facial pain syndromes. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27(3):365–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Cioni B, Meglio M. Motor cortex stimulation for chronic non-malignant pain: current state and future prospects. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 2):45–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Radic JA, Beauprie I, Chiasson P, Kiss ZH, Brownstone RM. Motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain: a randomized cross-over trial. Can J Neurol Sci. 2015;42(6):401–409. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Sachs AJ, Babu H, Su YF, Miller KJ, Henderson JM. Lack of efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain in 14 patients. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(4):303–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Delavallee M, Abu-Serieh B, de Tourchaninoff M, Raftopoulos C. Subdural motor cortex stimulation for central and peripheral neuropathic pain: a long-term follow-up study in a series of eight patients. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(1):101–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Nguyen JP, Lefaucheur JP, Decq P, Uchiyama T, Carpentier A, Fontaine D, Brugières P, Pollin B, Fève A, Rostaing S, et al. Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and anatomical data. Pain. 1999;82(3):245–251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Blenkmann AO, Phillips HN, Princich JP, Rowe JB, Bekinschtein TA, Muravchik CH, Kochen S. iElectrodes: a comprehensive open-source toolbox for depth and subdural grid electrode localization. Front Neuroinform. 2017;11:14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Brown JA, Pilitsis JG. Motor cortex stimulation for central and neuropathic facial pain: a prospective study of 10 patients and observations of enhanced sensory and motor function during stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(2):290–297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Pirotte B, Voordecker P, Neugroschl C, Baleriaux D, Wikler D, Metens T, Denolin V, Joffroy A, Massager N, Brotchi J, et al. Combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided neuronavigation and intraoperative cortical brain mapping improves targeting of motor cortex stimulation in neuropathic pain. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(2 Suppl):344–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM. Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience. Pain. 2006;121(1–2):43–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Velasco F, Arguelles C, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Castro G, Velasco AL, Jimenez F, Velasco M. Efficacy of motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a randomized double-blind trial. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(4):698–706. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Buchanan RJ, Darrow D, Monsivais D, Nadasdy Z, Gjini K. Motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain syndromes: a case series experience. Neuroreport. 2014;25(9):715–717. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Delavallee M, Finet P, de Tourtchaninoff M, Raftopoulos C. Subdural motor cortex stimulation: feasibility, efficacy and security on a series of 18 consecutive cases with a follow-up of at least 3 years. Acta Neurochir. 2014;156(12):2289–2294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Slotty PJ, Eisner W, Honey CR, Wille C, Vesper J. Long-term follow-up of motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain in 23 patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2015;93(3):199–205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Sokal P, Harat M, Zielinski P, Furtak J, Paczkowski D, Rusinek M. Motor cortex stimulation in patients with chronic central pain. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015;24(2):289–296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Rasche D, Tronnier V. Clinical significance of invasive motor cortex stimulation for trigeminal facial neuropathic pain syndromes. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(5):655–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Zhang X, Hu Y, Tao W, Zhu H, Xiao D, Li Y. The effect of motor cortex stimulation on central Poststroke pain in a series of 16 patients with a mean follow-up of 28 months. Neuromodulation. 2017;20(5):492–496. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Tsubokawa T, Katayama Y, Yamamoto T, Hirayama T, Koyama S. Chronic motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of central pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1991;52:137–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Hosobuchi Y. Motor cortical stimulation for control of central deafferentation pain. Adv Neurol. 1993;63:215–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Tsubokawa T, Katayama Y, Yamamoto T, Hirayama T, Koyama S. Chronic motor cortex stimulation in patients with thalamic pain. J Neurosurg. 1993;78(3):393–401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Ebel H, Rust D, Tronnier V, Boker D, Kunze S. Chronic precentral stimulation in trigeminal neuropathic pain. Acta Neurochir. 1996;138(11):1300–1306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Nguyen JP, Keravel Y, Feve A, Uchiyama T, Cesaro P, Le Guerinel C, Pollin B. Treatment of deafferentation pain by chronic stimulation of the motor cortex: report of a series of 20 cases. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997;68:54–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R, Mertens P, Gregoire MC, Lavenne F, Le Bars D, Convers P, Mauguiere F, Sindou M, Laurent B. Electrical stimulation of motor cortex for pain control: a combined PET-scan and electrophysiological study. Pain. 1999;83(2):259–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Nguyen JP, Lefaucher JP, Le Guerinel C, Eizenbaum JF, Nakano N, Carpentier A, Brugieres P, Pollin B, Rostaing S, Keravel Y. Motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Arch Med Res. 2000;31(3):263–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Saitoh Y, Shibata M, Hirano S, Hirata M, Mashimo T, Yoshimine T. Motor cortex stimulation for central and peripheral deafferentation pain. Report of eight cases. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(1):150–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Saitoh Y, Hirano S, Kato A, Kishima H, Hirata M, Yamamoto K, Yoshimine T. Motor cortex stimulation for deafferentation pain. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(3):E1. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Nguyen JP, Velasco F, Brugieres P, Velasco M, Keravel Y, Boleaga B, Brito F, Lefaucheur JP. Treatment of chronic neuropathic pain by motor cortex stimulation: results of a bicentric controlled crossover trial. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(2):89–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Im SH, Ha SW, Kim DR, Son BC. Long-term results of motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of chronic, intractable neuropathic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2015;93(3):212–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Isagulyan ED, Tomsky AA, Dekopov AV, Salova EM, Troshina EM, Dorokhov EV, Shabalov VA. Results of motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2015;79(6):46–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Kolodziej MA, Hellwig D, Nimsky C, Benes L. Treatment of central Deafferentation and trigeminal neuropathic pain by motor cortex stimulation: report of a series of 20 patients. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2016;77(1):52–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Ito M, Kuroda S, Takano K, Maruichi K, Chiba Y, Morimoto Y, Iwasaki Y. Motor cortex stimulation for post-stroke pain using neuronavigation and evoked potentials: report of 3 cases. No Shinkei Geka. 2006;34(9):919–924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Fonoff ET, Hamani C, Ciampi de Andrade D, Yeng LT, Marcolin MA, Jacobsen Teixeira M. Pain relief and functional recovery in patients with complex regional pain syndrome after motor cortex stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2011;89(3):167–172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Louppe JM, Nguyen JP, Robert R, Buffenoir K, de Chauvigny E, Riant T, Pereon Y, Labat JJ, Nizard J. Motor cortex stimulation in refractory pelvic and perineal pain: report of two successful cases. Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(1):53–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Hosomi K, Seymour B, Saitoh Y. Modulating the pain network--neurostimulation for central poststroke pain. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(5):290–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Jung HH, Shin J. Rostral Agranular insular cortex lesion with motor cortex stimulation enhances pain modulation effect on neuropathic pain model. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:3898924. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Kim J, Ryu SB, Lee SE, Shin J, Jung HH, Kim SJ, Kim KH, Chang JW. Motor cortex stimulation and neuropathic pain: how does motor cortex stimulation affect pain-signaling pathways? J Neurosurg. 2016;124(3):866–876. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Schley M, Wilms P, Toepfner S, Schaller H, Schmelz M, Konrad C, Birbaumer N. Painful and nonpainful phantom and stump sensations in acute traumatic amputees. J Trauma. 2008;65(4):858–864. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Mackenzie N. Phantom limb pain during spinal anaesthesia. Recurrence in amputees. Anaesthesia. 2010;38(9):886–887. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumers N, Larbig W, Taub E. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature. 1995;375(6531):482–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Karl A. Neuroelectric source imaging of steady-state movement-related cortical potentials in human upper extremity amputees with and without phantom limb pain. Pain. 2004;110(1):90–102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Andréobadia N, Mertens P, Lelekovboissard T, Afif A, Magnin M, Garcialarrea L. Is life better after motor cortex stimulation for pain control? Results at long-term and their prediction by preoperative rTMS. Pain Physician. 2014;17(1):53–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Katayama Y, f*ckaya C, Yamamoto T. Poststroke pain control by chronic motor cortex stimulation: neurological characteristics predicting a favorable response. J Neurosurg. 1998;89(4):585–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Nuti C, Peyron R, Garcia-Larrea L, Brunon J, Laurent B, Sindou M, Mertens P. Motor cortex stimulation for refractory neuropathic pain: four year outcome and predictors of efficacy. Pain. 2005;118(1–2):43–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Koppelstaetter F, Siedentopf CM, Rhomberg P, Lechner-Steinleitner S, Mottaghy FM, Eisner W, Golaszewski SM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging before motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain. Nervenarzt. 2007;78(12):1435–1439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Maarrawi J, Peyron R, Mertens P, Costes N, Magnin M, Sindou M, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Brain opioid receptor density predicts motor cortex stimulation efficacy for chronic pain. Pain. 2013;154(11):2563–2568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Lefaucheur JP, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Goujon C, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP. Predictive value of rTMS in the identification of responders to epidural motor cortex stimulation therapy for pain. J Pain. 2011;12(10):1102–1111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Di LV, Oliviero A, Profice P, Meglio M, Cioni B, Tonali P, Rothwell JC. Descending spinal cord volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation of the motor cortex leg area in conscious humans. J Physiol. 2010;537(3):1047–1058. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Lefaucheur JP, Holsheimer J, Goujon C, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP. Descending volleys generated by efficacious epidural motor cortex stimulation in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Exp Neurol. 2010;223(2):609–614. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Holsheimer J, Nguyen JP, Lefaucheur JP, Manola L. Cathodal, anodal or bifocal stimulation of the motor cortex in the management of chronic pain? Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 2):57–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Brasil-Neto JP. Motor cortex stimulation for pain relief: do corollary discharges play a role? Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:323. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Brown JA. Motor cortex stimulation. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(3):E5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. DosSantos MF, Ferreira N, Toback RL, Carvalho AC, DaSilva AF. Potential mechanisms supporting the value of motor cortex stimulation to treat chronic pain syndromes. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:18. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R. Motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain: from phenomenology to mechanisms. NeuroImage. 2007;37(Suppl 1):S71–S79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Silva GD, Lopes PS, Fonoff ET, Pagano RL. The spinal anti-inflammatory mechanism of motor cortex stimulation: cause of success and refractoriness in neuropathic pain? J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:10. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. O'Brien AT, Amorim R, Rushmore RJ, Eden U, Afifi L, Dipietro L, Wagner T, Valero-Cabre A. Motor cortex Neurostimulation Technologies for Chronic Post-stroke Pain: implications of tissue damage on stimulation currents. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:545. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Chiou RJ, Chang CW, Kuo CC. Involvement of the periaqueductal gray in the effect of motor cortex stimulation. Brain Res. 2013;1500:28–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Hosomi K, Saitoh Y, Kishima H, Oshino S, Hirata M, Tani N, Shimokawa T, Yoshimine T. Electrical stimulation of primary motor cortex within the central sulcus for intractable neuropathic pain. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(5):993–1001. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Fontaine D, Bruneto JL, El Fakir H, Paquis P, Lanteri-Minet M. Short-term restoration of facial sensory loss by motor cortex stimulation in peripheral post-traumatic neuropathic pain. J Headache Pain. 2009;10(3):203–206. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Castellano G, Perozzo P, Massa-Micon B. Painful supernumerary phantom arm following motor cortex stimulation for central poststroke pain. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(1):121–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Esfahani DR, Pisansky MT, Dafer RM, Anderson DE. Motor cortex stimulation: functional magnetic resonance imaging-localized treatment for three sources of intractable facial pain. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):189–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Henderson JM, Boongird A, Rosenow JM, LaPresto E, Rezai AR. Recovery of pain control by intensive reprogramming after loss of benefit from motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82(5–6):207–213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Andre-Obadia N, Peyron R, Mertens P, Mauguiere F, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(7):1536–1544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Houze B, Bradley C, Magnin M, Garcia-Larrea L. Changes in sensory hand representation and pain thresholds induced by motor cortex stimulation in humans. Cereb Cortex. 2013;23(11):2667–2676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Voirin J, Darie I, Fischer D, Simon A, Rohmer-Heitz I, Proust F. Ziconotide intrathecal delivery as treatment for secondary therapeutic failure of motor cortex stimulation after 6 years. Neural Plasticity. 2016;62(5):284–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Liu S, Tao F. Application of optogenetics-mediated motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. J Transl Sci. 2016;2(5):286–288. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R, Mertens P, Gregoire MC, Lavenne F, Bonnefoi F, Mauguiere F, Laurent B, Sindou M. Positron emission tomography during motor cortex stimulation for pain control. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;68(1–4 Pt 1):141–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Holsheimer J, Lefaucheur JP, Buitenweg JR, Goujon C, Nineb A, Nguyen JP. The role of intra-operative motor evoked potentials in the optimization of chronic cortical stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(10):2287–2296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Naro A, Leo A, Cannavo A, Buda A, Bramanti P, Calabro RS. Do unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients feel pain? Role of laser-evoked potential-induced gamma-band oscillations in detecting cortical pain processing. Neuroscience. 2016;317:141–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Farina S, Tinazzi M, Le Pera D, Valeriani M. Pain-related modulation of the human motor cortex. Neurol Res. 2003;25(2):130–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Motor cortex stimulation: a systematic literature-based analysis of effectiveness and case series experience (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Twana Towne Ret

Last Updated:

Views: 6215

Rating: 4.3 / 5 (44 voted)

Reviews: 91% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Twana Towne Ret

Birthday: 1994-03-19

Address: Apt. 990 97439 Corwin Motorway, Port Eliseoburgh, NM 99144-2618

Phone: +5958753152963

Job: National Specialist

Hobby: Kayaking, Photography, Skydiving, Embroidery, Leather crafting, Orienteering, Cooking

Introduction: My name is Twana Towne Ret, I am a famous, talented, joyous, perfect, powerful, inquisitive, lovely person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.